A Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Tests for Scrub Typhus
Gaidaa Maher Dogheim
Pharmaceutics, Alexandria University; Jayda.maher@alexu.edu.eg
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-0915
Farwa Munir
NUML University
Keywords: Scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Serological tests, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Weil-Felix test
Abstract
The Scrub typhus is a prevalent infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted through mite bites. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for timely treatment and effective management of the disease. This research abstract provides a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of the diagnostic tests commonly employed for scrub typhus. The primary diagnostic method for scrub typhus is serological testing, which detects antibodies produced in response to the infection. The gold standard test, Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA), demonstrates high specificity and sensitivity and can confirm the diagnosis by detecting antibody titer rise between acute and convalescent samples. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is an alternative serological test that offers ease of use and cost-effectiveness, although it may have slightly lower sensitivity and specificity. In addition to serological tests, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has emerged as a valuable diagnostic tool, enabling direct detection of bacterial DNA in various clinical samples. PCR is particularly useful in early-stage infections when antibody levels may be low, although it requires specialized laboratory facilities. The Weil-Felix test, an older diagnostic method, detects antibodies against certain strains of rickettsial bacteria, including Orientia tsutsugamushi. However, due to its limitations in specificity and sensitivity, it is less commonly used in current practice. The comparative analysis highlights the advantages and limitations of each diagnostic test, emphasizing the importance of considering clinical symptoms, patient history, and epidemiological factors in conjunction with test results for accurate diagnosis. False negatives and false positives may occur with any diagnostic method, underscoring the need for consultation with healthcare professionals for appropriate interpretation and subsequent treatment.
