Big Data for Social Good: A Review of Applications in Poverty, Health, and Environmental Sustainability

Aisha Rahman 

Department of Social Sciences, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan 

Rana Muhammad Huzaifa Anas

University of the Punjab

Keywords: Big data analytics, Social good, Poverty, Healthcare, Environmental sustainability, Ethics, Participatory approaches


Abstract

Big data analytics refers to advanced techniques for deriving insights from large, diverse, rapidly generated datasets. It combines predictive modelling, data mining, machine learning, statistics, and database methods to uncover patterns and generate intelligent findings. While initially focused on commercial applications, big data analytics holds tremendous promise for driving social change across domains like healthcare, education, environmental sustainability, and international development. This paper reviews applications of big data analytics across three areas critical for social good: poverty, health, and the environment. For each domain, we provide background context, highlight innovative examples of big data driving impact, summarise key opportunities and challenges, and outline future directions. Major opportunities of big data analytics are real-time monitoring, evidence-based policymaking, early warning systems, prevention versus reaction, optimised resource allocation, personalised services, and improved coordination. However, there are ethical concerns around privacy, security, transparency, and perpetuating biases. Priorities for future research include balancing computational insights with social science knowledge, participatory approaches, capacity building, transparency in data and modeling, and legal-regulatory frameworks for ethical usage of data. While big data analytics enables data-driven humanitarian action, nuanced frameworks are imperative to ensure analytical insights are converted into equitable and just social impact. This review synthesises applications, key opportunities and challenges, and priorities for future research to guide big data analytics across the interdisciplinary intersections of technology, social sciences, policy, ethics, and international development.


Author Biography

Rana Muhammad Huzaifa Anas, University of the Punjab