Big Data for Central Banks: Exploring Applications in Monetary Policy, Financial Stability Monitoring and Bank Supervision

Arjun Sharma

Department of Economics and Finance, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB), India 

Tripuresh Joshi

Tula‘s Institute Dehradun

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, Algorithmic Auditing, Biases in AI Models, Model Fairness, Transparency of Proprietary Models


Abstract

With the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics across high-impact domains like finance, healthcare and public policy, there are rising concerns about inadvertent biases and discrimination arising from opaque algorithms. Several instances have already emerged of AI systems unfairly disadvantaging minorities, women and vulnerable social groups due to historical biases in data, poor choice of proxy variables, narrow optimization objectives and lack of diversity. Addressing this critical issue, the field of algorithmic auditing has emerged to provide testing methodologies that can uncover harmful biases in AI models by auditing the entire pipeline from data collection to model development and deployment. Algorithmic auditing combines techniques like causal inference, adversarial testing, counterfactual explanation, and meta-learning to assess model fairness, explain model predictions, detect bias in training data and ultimately redesign systems to mitigate sources of unfairness. However, realizing the potential of algorithmic auditing requires overcoming key challenges around limited transparency of proprietary models, unrepresentative datasets, interpretability versus accuracy tradeoffs and the need for multidisciplinary teams combining technical and social science expertise. Further work is also needed on organizational aspects like developing auditing frameworks tailored to different application domains, integrating audits within model development workflows, and coordinating audits across stakeholders involved in AI systems. Overall, algorithmic auditing is a promising paradigm but still in nascent stages. Advancing frameworks, best practices and inclusive governance models for auditing will be crucial to steer AI systems towards fairness and address the growing risk of algorithmic biases.


Author Biography

Tripuresh Joshi, Tula‘s Institute Dehradun